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<section id="porting-tips">
<h1>Porting tips<a class="headerlink" href="#porting-tips" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>This section highlights some of the known incompatible changes made
in Python that could break Python scripts and modules that used to work
in prior versions. The sections are split into retroactive changes made
to all Python releases, and information specific to every Python branch
(compared to the previous one).</p>
<p>This guide is by no means considered complete. If you can think
of other problems you’ve hit while porting your packages, please let me
know and I will update it.</p>
<section id="retroactive-changes">
<h2>Retroactive changes<a class="headerlink" href="#retroactive-changes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<section id="bpo43882-urlsplit-now-strips-lf-cr-and-ht-characters">
<h3><a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue43882">bpo43882</a>: urlsplit now strips LF, CR and HT characters<a class="headerlink" href="#bpo43882-urlsplit-now-strips-lf-cr-and-ht-characters" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Changed in: 2.7.18_p9, 3.6.13_p3, 3.7.10_p3, 3.8.9_p2, 3.9.4_p1</p>
<p>Historically, various <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html">urllib.parse</a> methods have passed special
characters such as LF, CR and HT through into the split URL components.
This could have resulted in various exploits if Python programs did not
validate the resulting components and used them verbatim.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue43882">bpo43882</a> attempted to address the issue by making <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html">urllib.parse</a> strip
the three aforementioned characters from the output of its functions.
This fixed one class of potential issues but at the same time opened
another can of worms. For example, URL validators that used to check
for dangerous special characters in the split URL components stopped
working correctly. In the best case, the URL were now sanitized instead
of being rejected. In the worst, the original unparsed URL with
dangerous characters started being passed through. See e.g. <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/django/django/pull/14349">django
PR#14349</a> for an example of impact and a fix.</p>
<p>Behavior before:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://example.com/bad</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">url'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='example.com', path='/bad\nurl', params='', query='', fragment='')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Behavior after:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://example.com/bad</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">url'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='example.com', path='/badurl', params='', query='', fragment='')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="python-3-11">
<h2>Python 3.11<a class="headerlink" href="#python-3-11" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>See also: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.11/whatsnew/3.11.html">what’s new in Python 3.11</a></p>
<section id="generator-based-coroutine-removal-asyncio-coroutine">
<h3>Generator-based coroutine removal (asyncio.coroutine)<a class="headerlink" href="#generator-based-coroutine-removal-asyncio-coroutine" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Support for <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/asyncio-task.html#generator-based-coroutines">generator-based coroutines</a> has been deprecated since
Python 3.8, and is finally removed in 3.11. This usually results
in the following error:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">module</span> <span class="s1">'asyncio'</span> <span class="n">has</span> <span class="n">no</span> <span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="s1">'coroutine'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The recommended solution is to use <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines">PEP 492 coroutines</a>. They are
available since Python 3.5. This means replacing
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@asyncio.coroutine</span></code> decorator with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code> keyword,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span> <span class="pre">from</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code>.</p>
<p>For example, the following snippet:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coroutine</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">yield from</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>would become:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="inspect-getargspec-and-inspect-formatargspec-removal">
<h3>inspect.getargspec() and inspect.formatargspec() removal<a class="headerlink" href="#inspect-getargspec-and-inspect-formatargspec-removal" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getargspec">inspect.getargspec()</a> (deprecated since Python 3.0)
and <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.formatargspec">inspect.formatargspec()</a> (deprecated since Python 3.5) functions
are both removed in Python 3.11.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getargspec">inspect.getargspec()</a> function provides a legacy interface
to inspect the signature of callables. It is replaced
by the object-oriented <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.signature">inspect.signature()</a> API (available since
Python 3.3), or a mostly compatible <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getfullargspec">inspect.getfullargspec()</a> function
(available since Python 3.0).</p>
<p>For example, a trivial function would yield the following results:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ArgSpec(args=['p1', 'p2', 'kp3', 'kp4', 'kp5'],</span>
<span class="go"> varargs='args',</span>
<span class="go"> keywords='kwargs',</span>
<span class="go"> defaults=(10, None))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getfullargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">FullArgSpec(args=['p1', 'p2', 'kp3', 'kp4', 'kp5'],</span>
<span class="go"> varargs='args',</span>
<span class="go"> varkw='kwargs',</span>
<span class="go"> defaults=(10, None),</span>
<span class="go"> kwonlyargs=[],</span>
<span class="go"> kwonlydefaults=None,</span>
<span class="go"> annotations={})</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Signature (p1, p2, /, kp3, kp4=10, kp5=None, *args, **kwargs)></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The named tuple returned by <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getfullargspec">inspect.getfullargspec()</a> starts with
the same information, except that the key used to hold the name
of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code> parameter is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varkw</span></code> rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keywords</span></code>.
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.signature">inspect.signature()</a> returns a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature</span></code> object.</p>
<p>Both of the newer functions support keyword-only arguments and type
annotations:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kp5</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k6</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k7</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">k8</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getfullargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">FullArgSpec(args=['p1', 'p2', 'kp3', 'kp4', 'kp5'],</span>
<span class="go"> varargs='args',</span>
<span class="go"> varkw='kwargs',</span>
<span class="go"> defaults=(10, None),</span>
<span class="go"> kwonlyargs=['k6', 'k7', 'k8'],</span>
<span class="go"> kwonlydefaults={'k7': 12},</span>
<span class="go"> annotations={'return': <class 'float'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'p1': <class 'int'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'p2': <class 'str'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'kp3': <class 'str'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'kp4': <class 'int'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'kp5': <class 'float'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'k6': <class 'str'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'k7': <class 'int'>,</span>
<span class="go"> 'k8': <class 'float'>})</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Signature (p1: int, p2: str, /, kp3: str, kp4: int = 10,</span>
<span class="go"> kp5: float = None, *args, k6: str, k7: int = 12,</span>
<span class="go"> k8: float, **kwargs) -> float></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>One notable difference between <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.signature">inspect.signature()</a> and the two other
functions is that the latter always include the ‘self’ argument
of method prototypes, while the former skips it if the method is bound
to an object. That is:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">x</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ArgSpec(args=['self', 'bar'], varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=None)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ArgSpec(args=['self', 'bar'], varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=None)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Signature (self, bar)></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Signature (bar)></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.formatargspec">inspect.formatargspec()</a> function provides a pretty-formatted
argument spec from the tuple returned by <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getfullargspec">inspect.getfullargspec()</a>
(or <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/inspect.html#inspect.getargspec">inspect.getargspec()</a>). It is replaced by stringification
of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature</span></code> objects:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kp4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kp5</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k6</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k7</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">k8</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">formatargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getfullargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">'(p1: int, p2: str, kp3: str, kp4: int=10, kp5: float=None, '</span>
<span class="go">'*args, k6: str, k7: int=12, k8: float, **kwargs) -> float'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">'(p1: int, p2: str, /, kp3: str, kp4: int = 10, kp5: float = None, '</span>
<span class="go">'*args, k6: str, k7: int = 12, k8: float, **kwargs) -> float'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="python-3-10">
<h2>Python 3.10<a class="headerlink" href="#python-3-10" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>See also: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.10.html">what’s new in Python 3.10</a></p>
<section id="configure-no-package-python-3-1-found">
<h3>configure: No package ‘python-3.1’ found<a class="headerlink" href="#configure-no-package-python-3-1-found" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>automake prior to 1.16.3 wrongly recognized Python 3.10 as 3.1.
As a result, build with Python 3.10 fails:</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">checking for python version... 3.1</span>
<span class="go">checking for python platform... linux</span>
<span class="go">checking for python script directory... ${prefix}/lib/python3.10/site-packages</span>
<span class="go">checking for python extension module directory... ${exec_prefix}/lib/python3.10/site-packages</span>
<span class="go">checking for PYTHON... no</span>
<span class="go">configure: error: Package requirements (python-3.1) were not met:</span>
<span class="go">No package 'python-3.1' found</span>
<span class="go">Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you</span>
<span class="go">installed software in a non-standard prefix.</span>
<span class="go">Alternatively, you may set the environment variables PYTHON_CFLAGS</span>
<span class="go">and PYTHON_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.</span>
<span class="go">See the pkg-config man page for more details.</span>
<span class="go">Error: Process completed with exit code 1.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To resolve this in ebuild, you need to autoreconf with the Gentoo
distribution of automake:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">inherit</span> <span class="n">autotools</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="n">src_prepare</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">default</span>
<span class="n">eautoreconf</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The upstream fix is to create new distfiles using automake-1.16.3+.</p>
</section>
<section id="distutils-sysconfig-deprecation">
<h3>distutils.sysconfig deprecation<a class="headerlink" href="#distutils-sysconfig-deprecation" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Upstream intends to remove distutils by Python 3.12. Python 3.10 starts
throwing deprecation warnings for various distutils modules.
The distutils.sysconfig is usually easy to port.</p>
<p>The following table summarizes replacements for common path getters.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>distutils.sysconfig call</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>sysconfig replacement</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_inc(False)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("include")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_inc(True)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("platinclude")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_lib(False,</span> <span class="pre">False)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("purelib")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_lib(True,</span> <span class="pre">False)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("platlib")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_lib(False,</span> <span class="pre">True)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("stdlib")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_python_lib(True,</span> <span class="pre">True)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_path("platstdlib")</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></blockquote>
<p>For both functions, omitted parameters default to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. There is
no trivial replacement for the variants with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> argument.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="python-3-9">
<h2>Python 3.9<a class="headerlink" href="#python-3-9" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>See also: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.9.html">what’s new in Python 3.9</a></p>
<section id="base64-encodestring-base64-decodestring-removal">
<h3>base64.encodestring / base64.decodestring removal<a class="headerlink" href="#base64-encodestring-base64-decodestring-removal" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python 3.9 removes the deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64.encodestring()</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64.decodestring()</span></code> functions. While they were deprecated
since Python 3.1, many packages still use them today.</p>
<p>The drop-in Python 3.1+ replacements are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64.encodebytes()</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64.decodebytes()</span></code>. Note that contrary to the names, the old
functions were simply aliases to the byte variants in Python 3
and <em>required</em> the arguments to be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code> anyway.</p>
<p>If compatibility with Python 2 is still desired, then the byte variants
ought to be called on 3.1+ and string variants before that. The old
variants accept both byte and unicode strings on Python 2.</p>
<p>Example compatibility import:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_info</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">base64</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">encodebytes</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">b64_encodebytes</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">base64</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">encodestring</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">b64_encodebytes</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> module also provides <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b64encode()</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b64decode()</span></code> functions that were not renamed. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b64decode()</span></code>
can be used as a drop-in replacement for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decodebytes()</span></code>. However,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b64encode()</span></code> does not insert newlines to split the output
like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodebytes()</span></code> does, and instead returns a single line
of base64-encoded data for any length of output.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="python-3-8">
<h2>Python 3.8<a class="headerlink" href="#python-3-8" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>See also: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.8.html">what’s new in Python 3.8</a></p>
<section id="python-config-and-pkg-config-no-longer-list-python-library-by-default">
<h3>python-config and pkg-config no longer list Python library by default<a class="headerlink" href="#python-config-and-pkg-config-no-longer-list-python-library-by-default" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Until Python 3.7, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-X.Y</span></code> pkg-config file and python-config
tool listed the Python library. Starting with 3.8, this is no longer
the case. If you are building Python extensions, this is fine (they
are not supposed to link directly to libpython).</p>
<p>If you are building programs that need to embed the Python interpreter,
new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-X.Y-embed</span></code> pkg-config file and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--embed</span></code> parameter
are provided for the purpose.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>pkg-config --libs python-3.7
<span class="go">-lpython3.7m</span>
<span class="gp">$ </span>pkg-config --libs python-3.8
<span class="gp">$ </span>pkg-config --libs python-3.8-embed
<span class="go">-lpython3.8</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To achieve backwards compatibility, you should query
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-X.Y-embed</span></code> first and fall back to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-X.Y</span></code>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="replacing-the-toml-package">
<h2>Replacing the toml package<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-the-toml-package" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The old <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/toml/">toml</a> package is no longer maintained. It was last released
in November 2020 and it was never updated to implement TOML 1.0.
The recommended alternatives are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>the built-in <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.11/library/tomllib.html">tomllib</a> module (since Python 3.11) with fallback to
<a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomli/">tomli</a> package for reading TOML files</p></li>
<li><p>the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomli-w/">tomli-w</a> package for writing TOML files</p></li>
<li><p>the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomlkit/">tomlkit</a> package for editing already existing TOML files
while preserving style</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="porting-to-tomllib-tomli-without-toml-fallback">
<h3>Porting to tomllib/tomli without toml fallback<a class="headerlink" href="#porting-to-tomllib-tomli-without-toml-fallback" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Using a combination of <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.11/library/tomllib.html">tomllib</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomli/">tomli</a> is the recommended approach
for packages that only read TOML files, or both read and write them
but do not need to preserve style. The tomllib module is available
since Python 3.11, while tomli versions providing a compatible API
are compatible with Python 3.6 and newer.</p>
<p>The key differences between <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/toml/">toml</a> and tomllib/tomli are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load()</span></code> function accepts only a file object open for reading
in binary mode whereas toml expects a path or a file object open
for reading in text mode</p></li>
<li><p>the exception raised for invalid input is named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOMLDecodeError</span></code>
where it is named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TomlDecodeError</span></code> in toml</p></li>
</ul>
<p>For example, the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">toml</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in1.toml"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TomlDecodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in2.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"r"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">d3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test = "foo"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>would normally be written as:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_info</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tomllib</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tomli</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tomllib</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># tomllib does not accept paths</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in1.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"rb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># the exception uses uppercase "TOML"</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TOMLDecodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="c1"># the file must be open in binary mode</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in2.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"rb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">d3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test = "foo"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="porting-to-tomllib-tomli-with-toml-fallback">
<h3>Porting to tomllib/tomli with toml fallback<a class="headerlink" href="#porting-to-tomllib-tomli-with-toml-fallback" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If upstream insists on preserving compatibility with EOL versions
of Python, it is possible to use a combination of <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.11/library/tomllib.html">tomllib</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomli/">tomli</a>
and <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/toml/">toml</a>. Unfortunately, the incompatibilites in API need to be taken
into consideration.</p>
<p>For example, a backwards compatible code for loading a TOML file could
look like the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_info</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tomllib</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tomli</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tomllib</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in1.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"rb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">tomllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TOMLDecodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">toml</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"in1.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"r"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TomlDecodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">d1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="porting-to-tomli-w">
<h3>Porting to tomli-w<a class="headerlink" href="#porting-to-tomli-w" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/tomli-w/">tomli-w</a> provides a minimal module for dumping TOML files.</p>
<p>The key differences between <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/toml/">toml</a> and tomli-w are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump()</span></code> function takes a file object open for writing in binary
mode whereas toml expected a file object open for writing in text mode</p></li>
<li><p>providing a custom encoder instance is not supported</p></li>
</ul>
<p>For example, the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">toml</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"out.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"w"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">toml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s2">"test"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"data"</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>would be replaced by:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tomli_w</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"out.toml"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"wb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">tomli_w</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s2">"test"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"data"</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that when both reading and writing TOML files is necessary, two
modules need to be imported and used separately rather than one.</p>
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